O Leviatã fragmentado

Estado, criminalidade e os limites da Segurança Pública no Brasil contemporâneo

Abstract

This research investigates how the fragmentation of the State undermines the effectiveness of public security policies and enables the rise of organised crime in contemporary Brazil. The aim is to critically examine the foundations of sovereignty, the production of legal truths, the techno politics of surveillance and the ethical-legal dilemmas of artificial intelligence, discussing how these elements interact in shaping selective and exclusionary practices. The methodology is qualitative, based on a critical bibliographical review of classical and contemporary works, combining political philosophy, legal theory and critical criminology. The study problematises how the State, by resorting to discourses of legitimacy and technological devices, reinforces historical inequalities while simultaneously weakening its own authority. The examination of surveillance practices shows that mechanisms of social control disproportionately affect certain groups and territories, intensifying penal selectivity and normalising coercion as a form of governance. The analysis of artificial intelligence in the field of security demonstrates that algorithms do not neutralise social biases but reproduce them as patterns of calculation and anticipation, creating new boundaries between inclusion and exclusion. The preliminary conclusion indicates that State fragility manifests not only in its inability to contain violence but also in the increasing delegation of its sovereign function to technologies that transform inequalities into security parameters. The research thus contributes to critical criminology by offering insights to understand the legal and political limits of Brazilian public security.